It takes a minimum of 7 days for the malaria parasite to complete its lifecycle in humans — this corresponds with the first signs of flu-like symptoms, including fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle ache. However, malaria symptoms can take up to 14 to 30 days to appear. Continuing to take antimalarial medication after leaving the risk area will prevent the parasites from establishing themselves.
There are five species of human malaria parasites: P. If you are infected with P. Make sure you take the medication as prescribed for the full course of the prescription. Side effects of antimalarial medications are a common reason that travellers avoid taking their prescribed medication or stop mid-way through their trip.
However, all medications have side effects and antimalarial medication is no different. Side effects can include:. Chloroquine — stomach upsets, itching skin, nausea, diarrhea, blurred vision, and headaches. Atovaquone-proguanil — stomach upsets, vomiting, headaches, and nausea. Mefloquine hydrochloride — nausea, headache, neurological effects such as dizziness, ringing of the ears, loss of balance, and psychiatric effects such as anxiety, depression, mistrustfulness, and hallucinations.
Your doctor will be able to explain the different side effects of each antimalarial medication so that you can choose a regime that works best for you. If you are unsure of how an antimalarial medication will affect you, you may want to test the medication a couple of weeks before your trip. If significant side effects do occur, talk to your doctor about changing your prescription.
For full descriptions of antimalarial medications, their side effects, and contraindications, check out: How to Protect Yourself Against Malaria. Most malaria deaths occur in young children under five years whose bodies have not had a chance to develop any immunity to the parasite.
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Blood tests can indicate: The presence of the parasite in the blood, to confirm that you have malaria Which type of malaria parasite is causing your symptoms If your infection is caused by a parasite resistant to certain drugs Whether the disease is causing any serious complications.
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references AskMayoExpert. Mayo Clinic; Jameson JL, et al. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.
New York, N. Accessed Oct. Bennett JE, et al. International Artemisinin Study Group: Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta- analysis. White NJ: Antimalarial drug resistance.
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Beutler E: G6PD deficiency. Beutler E: Glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a historical perspective. Download references. This article has been published as part of Malaria Journal Volume 7 Supplement 1, Towards a research agenda for global malaria elimination. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Nicholas J White.
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Abstract Effective anti-malarial drug treatment reduces malaria transmission. Background Anti-malarial drugs play a central role in the control and ultimate elimination of malaria, but, in most circumstances, they cannot do the job alone. Epidemiological considerations Where transmission of malaria is intense, even highly effective interventions which reduce mortality may have little noticeable effect on the clinical pattern of malaria.
Biological considerations As human malaria is transmitted by sexual stages of the parasites, not asexual stages, infecting anopheline mosquito vectors, transmission depends upon the duration for which gametocytes are carried in the blood, the infectivity of this gametocytaemia to the local vectors, and the abundance and behaviour of the vectors [ 4 ]. Pharmacological considerations All anti-malarial drugs which kill asexual stages also kill the early stages of P.
Anti-malarial drug resistance and transmissibility In considering anti-malarial drug effects on transmissibility, three different components need to be considered; a activity against asexual stages and early gametocytes, b activity against mature infectious gametocytes, and c sporontocidal effects in the mosquito.
Benefits of reducing transmission Intense malaria is associated with a considerable burden of morbidity and mortality in childhood. Operational considerations Artemisinin combination treatments are the recommended first-line drugs for the treatment of falciparum malaria in endemic areas. Mass treatment Mass treatment of the entire population with anti-malarial drugs was performed on many occasions in the eradication programmes of the s and s, and has been employed sporadically since then.
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